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Stainless Steel

Low-alloy and non-alloy steels can rapidly corrode or undergo chemical wear depending on the environment. Using paints or additional measures to protect against damage and rust may not always provide the desired protection. In such cases, the selection of stainless steel becomes crucial.

Elements such as Cr (Chromium), Si (Silicon), and Al (Aluminum) combine with oxygen to form a very thin, dense, and adhesive oxide film layer. This layer prevents rust formation. To be considered resistant to rust, the material's loss per square meter should be less than 2.4 grams.

Rusting is not only related to the alloy composition of steel but also to the machining characteristics of the parts. For example, a part with a finely ground surface will have a lower rust rate compared to a part with poor surface quality.

Classification of Stainless Steels:

Chromium Steels
Chromium-Nickel Steels
Chromium-Manganese Steels
Duplex Steels
The corrosion resistance of chromium steels primarily depends on the chromium content, typically ranging between 13-17%.

Chromium-Nickel Steels contain 13-21% Chromium, 5-20% Nickel, and 0.02-0.16% Carbon. The addition of Nickel enhances their corrosion resistance.

Chromium-Manganese Steels, used in special cases parallel to Chromium-Nickel steels, can be utilized in certain conditions. For example, the X 12 MnCR18 12 steel can be used at temperatures as low as -180°C.

Stainless Steels and Alloys
Material Number DIN  SAE / AISI C Si max Mn max P max S max Cr Mo Ni V Others
1.4000 X 6 Cr 13 403 0.00-0.08 1.00 1.00 0.040 0.030 12.0-14.0 - - - -
1.4002 X 6 CrAl 13 405 0.00-0.08 1.00 1.00 0.040 0.030 12.0-14.0 - - - Al 0.10-0.30
1.4006 X 10 Cr 13 410 0.08-0.15 1.00 1.50 0.040 0.030 11.5-13.5 - - - -
1.4016 X 8 Cr 17 430 0.00-0.10 0.75 1.00 0.040 0.030 16.0-18.0 - - - -
1.4021 X 20 Cr 13 420 0.16-0.25 1.00 1.50 0.040 0.030 12.0-14.0 - - - -
1.4024 X 15 Cr 13 - 0.12-0.17 1.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 12.0-14.0 - - - -
1.4031 X 40 Cr 13 - 0.36-0.42 1.00 1.00 0.040 0.030 12.5-14.5 - - - -
1.4057 X 22 CrNi 17 431 0.12-0.22 1.00 1.50 0.040 0.030 15.0-17.0 - 1.50-2.50 - -
1.4104 X 12 CrMoS 17 430 F 0.10-0.17 1.00 1.50 0.040 0.15-0.30 15.5-17.5 0.20-0.60 - - -
1.4113 X 6 CrMo 17 434 0.00-0.08 1.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 16.0-18.0 0.90-1.40 - - -
1.4116 X 45 CrMoV 15 - 0.45-0.55 1.00 1.00 0.040 0.030 14.0-15.0 0.50-0.80 - 0.10-0.20 -
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 9 304 0.00-0.07 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.5 - 8.0-10.5 - -
1.4303 X 5 CrNi 18 12 308 ; 305 0.00-0.06 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.0 - 11.0-13.0 - -
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 0.00-0.15 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.15-0.35 17.0-19.0 - 8.0-10.0 - -
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304 L 0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0-20.0 - 10.0-12.0 - -
1.4311 X 2 CrNiN 18 10 304 L N 0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.0 - 8.0-11.5 - N 0.12-0.22
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 0.00-0.07 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.0-2.50 10.0-13.0 - -
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316 L 0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.0-2.50 10.0-13.0 - N 0.00-0.11
1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 316 L N 0.00- 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.0-2.50 10.0-12.0 - N 0.12-0.22
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316 L N 0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.5-3.0 11.0-14.0 - N 0.12-0.22
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3   0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.0 2.5-3.0 12.5-15.0 - Ti : 7x%C
1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3   0.00-0.05 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.5-3.0 10.5-13.0 - Nb : 12x%C
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317 L 0.00-0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.5-19.5 3.0-4.0 13.0-16.0 - -
1.4510 X 3 CrTi 17 XM 8 ; 430 Ti 0.00-0.05 1.00 1.00 0.045 0.030 16.0-18.0 - - - -
1.4511 X 3 CrNb 17 - 0.00-0.05 1.00 1.00 0.040 0.030 16.0-18.0 - - - Nb : 12x%C?1
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 0.00-0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.0 - 9.0-12.0 - Ti : 5x%C?0,7
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 0.00-0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0-19.0 - 9.0-12.0 - Nb : 10x%C?1
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316 Ti 0.00-0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5-18.5 2.0-2.50 10.5-13.5 - Ti : 5x%C?0,7

 

 

 

Heat Treatment of Stainless Steel
Material Number DIN  SAE / AISI Forging Temperature (°C) Soft Annealing Temperature (°C) Hardening Temperature (°C) Quenching Medium Strength - Hardness Tempering Temperature (°C)
Air Oil Water Mpa HRC
1.4000 X 6 Cr 13 403 1150-750 750-800 950-1000 * * - - - 750-700
1.4002 X 6 CrAl 13 405 1150-750 750-800 950-1000 * * - - - 750-700
1.4006 X 10 Cr 13 410 1150-750 750-850 950-1000 * * - 1030 31 750-700
1.4016 X 8 Cr 17 430 1150-750 750-850 - - - - - - -
1.4021 X 20 Cr 13 420 1150-750 750-800 980-1030 * * - 1570 47 750-650
1.4024 X 15 Cr 13 - 1150-750 750-800 980-1030 * * - 1470 45 750-700
1.4031 X 40 Cr 13 - 1100-800 750-800 1000-1050 * * - 1930 55 200-100
1.4057 X 22 CrNi 17 431 1100-750 700-750 1000-1050 - * - 1570 47 720-630
1.4104 X 12 CrMoS 17 430 F 1100-750 800-850 1025-1050 - * - 930 27 600-550
1.4113 X 6 CrMo 17 434 1050-750 750-850 - - - - - - -
1.4116 X 45 CrMoV 15 - 1100-850 750-850 1050-1100 * * - 2190 59 200-100
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 9 304 1150-750 - 1000-1050 * - * - - -
1.4303 X 5 CrNi 18 12 308 ; 305 1150-750 - 1000-1050 * - * - - -
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 1150-750 - 1000-1050 * - * - - -
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304 L 1150-750 - 1000-1050 * - * - - -
1.4311 X 2 CrNiN 18 10 304 L N 1150-750 - 1000-1050 * - * - - -
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316 L 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 316 L N 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316 L N 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316 L 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317 L 1150-750 - 1050-1100 * - * - - -
1.4510 X 3 CrTi 17 XM 8 ; 430 Ti 1150-750 750-850 - - - - - - -
1.4511 X 3 CrNb 17 - 1150-750 750-850 - - - - - - -
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 1150-750 - 1020-1070 * - * - - -
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 1150-750 - 1020-1070 * - * - - -

 

Magnetizability and Polishability of Stainless Steels
Material Number DIN  SAE / AISI Magnetizability Polishability
Yes No Good Normal
1.4000 X 6 Cr 13 403 * - * -
1.4002 X 6 CrAl 13 405 * - - *
1.4006 X 10 Cr 13 410 * - * -
1.4016 X 8 Cr 17 430 * - * -
1.4021 X 20 Cr 13 420 * - * -
1.4024 X 15 Cr 13 - * - * -
1.4031 X 40 Cr 13 - * - * -
1.4057 X 22 CrNi 17 431 * - - *
1.4104 X 12 CrMoS 17 430 F * - * -
1.4113 X 6 CrMo 17 434 * - * -
1.4116 X 45 CrMoV 15 - * - * -
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 9 304 - * * -
1.4303 X 5 CrNi 18 12 308 ; 305 - * * -
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 - * * -
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304 L - * * -
1.4311 X 2 CrNiN 18 10 304 L N - * * -
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 - * * -
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316 L - * * -
1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 316 L N - * * -
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316 L N - * * -
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316 L - * * -
1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 - * * -
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317 L - * * -
1.4510 X 3 CrTi 17 XM 8 ; 430 Ti * - - *
1.4511 X 3 CrNb 17 - * - - *
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 - * - *
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 - * - *

 

Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel
Material Number DIN  SAE / AISI Heat Treatment Condition Hardness (RSD-C) Yield Strength (Rp 0.2%) Tensile Strength (MPa) A5 Elongation L0=5d0 (%)
20 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 550
Normalizing Tempering Hardening Rapid Cooling                  
1.4000 X 6 Cr 13 403 * - - - 130…180 250 240 235 230 225 220 195 - - 450..650 20
1.4002 X 6 CrAl 13 405 * - - - 130…180 250 240 235 230 225 220 195 - - 450…650 20
1.4006 X 10 Cr 13 410 * - - - 140…180 300 285 275 265 260 245 - - - 550…700 20
1.4016 X 8 Cr 17 430 * - - - 130...170 270 - - - - - - - - 450…660 20
1.4021 X 20 Cr 13 420 - * - - 160…210 400                 550…700 18
1.4024 X 15 Cr 13 - * - - - 220 440                 ?750 -
1.4031 X 40 Cr 13 - * - - - 250 - - - - - - - - - ?800 -
1.4057 X 22 CrNi 17 431 * - - - 275 - - - - - - - - - ?950 -
1.4104 X 12 CrMoS 17 430 F * - - - 160…210 300                 550…700 20
1.4113 X 6 CrMo 17 434 * - - - 130…180 270 - - - - - - - - 450…650 20
1.4116 X 45 CrMoV 15 - * - - - 260 - - - - - - - - - ?900 -
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 9 304 - - - - 130…180 185 175 155 140 127 110 98 92 90 500…700 50
1.4303 X 5 CrNi 18 12 308 ; 305 - - - * 130…180 185 175 155 140 127 110 98 92 90 500…700 50
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 - - - * 130…180 215 - - - - - - - - 500…700 50
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304 L - - - * 130…180 175 165 145 130 118 100 89 81 80 450…700 50
1.4311 X 2 CrNiN 18 10 304 L N - - - * 140…200 270 245 205 175 157 136 125 119 118 550…750 40
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 - - - * 130…180 205 195 175 158 145 127 115 110 108 500…700 45
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316 L - - - * 120…180 195 185 165 150 137 119 108 100 98 450…700 45
1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 316 L N - - - * 150…210 280 250 211 185 167 145 135 129 127 600…800 40
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316 L N - - - * 150…210 300 265 225 197 178 155 145 138 136 600…800 40
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316 L - - - * 120…180 195 185 165 150 137 119 108 100 98 450…700 45
1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 - - - * 130…180 205 195 175 158 145 127 115 110 108 500…700 45
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317 L - - - * 130…180 195 187 170 158 144 126 116 110 108 500…700 45
1.4510 X 3 CrTi 17 XM 8 ; 430 Ti * - - - 130…170 270 - - - - - - - - 450…600 20
1.4511 X 3 CrNb 17 - * - - - 130…170 270 - - - - - - - - 450…600 20
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 - - - * 130…190 205 190 176 165 155 136 125 119 118 500…750 40
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 - - - * 130…190 205 190 176 165 155 136 125 119 118 500…750 40
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316 Ti - - - * 130…190 225 205 190 176 165 145 135 129 127 500…750 40

 

Applications of Stainless Steel      
               
Material Number DIN SAE / AISI Application Area
1.4000 X 6 Cr 13 403 Construction parts for water and steam, home appliances, interior design
1.4002 X 6 CrAl 13 405 Oil industry components and parts, welded parts for water plants
1.4006 X 10 Cr 13 410 Construction parts for water and steam, food industry
1.4016 X 8 Cr 17 430 Similar to 1.4001 but with higher corrosion resistance and better deep drawing
1.4021 X 20 Cr 13 420 High-strength parts like shafts, pumps, valve cones, and nozzle needles
1.4024 X 15 Cr 13 - Construction parts like shafts, pins, and valve stems
1.4031 X 40 Cr 13 - Hardenable steel for cutting tools, large knives, machine blades, razors, scissors, measuring tools, and bearing housings
1.4057 X 22 CrNi 17 431 High-strength construction parts for the food, soap, and vinegar industries
1.4104 X 12 CrMoS 17 430 F Parts for bolts, shafts, and bushings for water and steam, processed on automatic machines
1.4113 X 6 CrMo 17 434 High-corrosion-resistant parts for automotive and engine industries
1.4116 X 45 CrMoV 15 - All types of high-quality cutting tools, including partially hardened parts
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 9 304 Equipment and devices for the food industry, weldable, polishable, and easily deep drawn
1.4303 X 5 CrNi 18 12 308 ; 305 Chemical industry and bolts
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 Turned parts for the food and dairy industries, oil, soap, dyeing, paper, and textile industries
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304 L Parts and tools exposed to organic and fruit acids in food, oil, soap, and artificial fiber industries
1.4311 X 2 CrNiN 18 10 304 L N Chemical apparatus, pressure vessels, dairy and beer industries
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 Parts and components for chemical and cellulose industries, oil and fuel, dyeing, soap, textile, dairy, and beer industries
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316 L Parts and components for chemical and cellulose industries, oil and fuel, dyeing, soap, textile, dairy, and beer industries
1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-11-2 316 L N Parts and components for chemical and cellulose industries, oil and fuel, dyeing, soap, textile, dairy, and beer industries
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 316 L N High chemical-resistant pressure vessels and apparatus
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 316 L Parts for chemical and cellulose industries, high chemical resistance for welding
1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 316 Parts for chemical and cellulose industries, high chemical resistance for welding
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317 L Parts for cellulose and chemical industries, chemical transport containers
1.4510 X 3 CrTi 17 XM 8 ; 430 Ti Welded parts for dairy, food, and beer industries
1.4511 X 3 CrNb 17 - Welded parts for dairy, food, beer, soap, and dyeing industries, for weak acid environments
1.4541 X6CrNiTi18-10 321 Food, film, and photographic industries, household appliances, and apparatus
1.4550 X6CrNiNb18-10 347 Food, film, and photographic industries, household appliances, and apparatus
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316 Ti Parts and components for the chemical industry, textile, cellulose, dyeing, photography, artificial resins, and rubber industries

 

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