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Carbon Steels

Carbon steels are a widely used type of steel in industry and are available in various grades. They contain between 0.02% and 2.1% carbon. The carbon content is a crucial factor influencing the hardness, strength, and machinability of the steel. Due to their cost-effectiveness, mechanical strength, and broad range of applications, carbon steels are preferred in many industries. Additionally, understanding how the carbon content affects hardness and machinability helps in selecting the right material. Carbon steel is a reliable material choice for projects requiring durability and toughness.

General Properties of Carbon Steels

Carbon steels are available in a variety of grades developed for different industrial requirements. The selection depends on the application, machinability, mechanical properties, and durability. Each grade has unique characteristics, which are essential to meet the specific requirements in various industrial applications.

Hardness: As the carbon content increases, the hardness of the steel increases. This improves wear resistance, but the steel can become more brittle.
Strength: Carbon steel offers high tensile and compressive strength.
Machinability: Steels with lower carbon content are easier to machine, while high-carbon steels are more difficult to machine but more durable.
Heat Treatment: Carbon steel can be modified through heat treatments such as hardening, tempering, and annealing. These processes alter the mechanical properties of the steel and allow achieving the desired hardness and strength.

What Grades Are Carbon Steels Available In?

Carbon steels are classified into various grades based on their carbon content and the presence of additional elements. The grades are classified according to their chemical composition, mechanical properties, and intended use. The following table shows common grades of carbon steels and their properties:

Grades of Carbon Steels
C10 (SAE 1010) (BS 040A10)
C22 (SAE 1020) (BS 080A15)
C30, C30E, Ck30 (SAE 1030) (BS 080M30)
C35 (SAE 1035) (BS 080A32) (BS 080A35)
C40 (SAE 1040) (BS 080M40)
C45 R, C45 (SAE 1045) (BS 080M46) (BS 060A47)
C50E, Ck50, C50R, Cf53 (SAE 1050)
C60 (SAE 1060)
C70 (SAE 1070)
C80D (SAE 1080)
1090

Types of Carbon Steel

a) Low Carbon Steel: The carbon content ranges from 0.02% to 0.25%. It offers high ductility and good machinability. It is commonly used in construction, automotive bodies, and pipe manufacturing. Soft carbon steels with low carbon content are preferred due to their excellent machinability.

b) Medium Carbon Steel: The carbon content ranges from 0.25% to 0.6%. It provides higher hardness and strength, but it is less ductile than low carbon steel. It is used in machine parts, gears, and camshafts.

c) High Carbon Steel: The carbon content ranges from 0.6% to 1.25%. It is characterized by high hardness and wear resistance but is more brittle. It is used in cutting tools, springs, wires, and high-stress machine parts.

d) Ultra High Carbon Steel: The carbon content ranges from 1.25% to 2.1%. This steel has the highest hardness and wear resistance but is extremely brittle. It is used in cutting tools, drills, and knives. There are various grades in this category designed for specific applications.

Chemical Composition of Carbon Steel

An overview of the general chemical composition of carbon steels. Different standards and specifications may show slight variations in these compositions depending on the application.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel

The mechanical properties of carbon steel vary depending on the steel grade, processing, and heat treatment methods. Each steel grade is designed to offer specific mechanical properties suitable for particular industrial applications. Therefore, choosing the right carbon steel grade for a project is crucial to achieve the desired mechanical properties.

Tensile Strength: The maximum stress the material can withstand before it breaks. Tensile strength depends on the chemical composition and heat treatment of the steel. Low-alloy carbon steels typically start at around 400 MPa, while high-alloy carbon steels can reach up to 1000 MPa.
Yield Strength: The maximum load the steel can handle before plastic deformation occurs. Yield strength is closely related to the hardness of the material and is typically a fraction of the tensile strength.
Elongation (%): Indicates how much the material can stretch during a tensile test. Low-alloy carbon steels can elongate by up to 20%, while this value is usually lower for high-alloy carbon steels.
Hardness: A measure of the material's resistance to external stress. Hardness is usually measured using the Brinell hardness scale, where a specific weight is applied to the material's surface. The Brinell hardness values for carbon steel generally range from 100 HB to 700 HB. For example, medium-carbon steels often have values between 200 HB and 300 HB.

Applications of Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is a versatile and durable material widely used in various applications, from industrial manufacturing to the automotive industry. Here are some typical areas of use:

Construction: Structural steels, reinforcement steels, bridges, buildings.
Automotive Industry: Chassis, body parts, engine components.
Mechanical Engineering: Gears, shafts, fasteners.
Tools and Cutting Tools: Knives, drills, saw blades.
Pipe and Profile Manufacturing: Water and gas pipes, profile steels.
Carbon Steel Prices at Hasçelik
Carbon steel can be produced using vacuum or non-vacuum methods and can be shaped and processed through various techniques.

Hasçelik stands out not only for the quality of its products but also for its customer-oriented service approach. With a professional sales team and dedicated customer support, Hasçelik responds quickly and efficiently to customer needs. For industrial applications where reliability and durability are essential, Hasçelik is the ideal partner.

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