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Today, the same element is hidden inside many things from the coins in your pocket to the phone you use; from your kitchenware to electric vehicles: Nickel.
Wait. If you think of this metal merely as a “shiny surface,” you might be missing the bigger picture.
Nickel is an extraordinary element extracted from the depths of nature that touches our lives through high technology. It sits at the crossroads of industrial production and environmental sustainability.
So, how is this versatile metal formed? Where is it found? Why is it strategically important for some countries? And what role will it play in the energy technologies of the future?
We will cover all of these in this article.
In this comprehensive guide, you will explore every aspect of nickel—from its history and chemical properties to global reserves and Hasçelik’s nickel-alloyed steel production—in a clear, fluent, and scientific manner.
And maybe by the end, you will say:
“I’ve never understood the element nickel this well before.”
Now, let’s step into the story of this powerful element together.
Nickel, a metal whose name we hear frequently today and encounter in many fields, is a silver-white, hard, and durable metal located at number 28 on the periodic table. Symbolized as Ni, nickel belongs to the group of transition metals, and thanks to its physical and chemical properties, it has become an indispensable element in many industries.
But what lies behind its popularity?
Let’s dive deeper...
Characteristics of Nickel’s Nature
Nickel is known for its high resistance to air exposure. In other words, it does not oxidize easily. This plays a key role in giving it its corrosion-resistant property. It is heat-resistant, malleable, and extremely successful in alloy formation.
These qualities make it more than an ordinary metal. What makes it valuable is not only its physical appearance but also its adaptability to industrial applications.
Position on the Periodic Table
• Symbol: Ni
• Atomic Number: 28
• Group: 10 (Transition Metals)
• Period: 4
• Block: d-block
Nickel is closely related to iron, cobalt, and copper. Therefore, it shares many physical properties with these metals.
What Is Pure Nickel Like?
Pure nickel is quite hard and can be shaped by hammering. It stands out with its bright, silvery color. However, it is rarely found in pure form in nature. It is mostly encountered as oxides or sulfide compounds.
Why Is Nickel So Important?
The answer to this will appear in detail under the "applications" section. But briefly:
Nickel is one of the building blocks of the modern world.
It is everywhere from stainless steel to electric vehicle batteries. Thanks to its alloying properties, it offers a very broad range of applications from engineering to chemistry.
Understanding nickel’s chemical and physical properties is essential to grasp why this element is so widespread and valuable.
Before diving into details, it is important to note that nickel holds a unique place in industry not only because of its appearance but also due to its atomic structure.
Basic Physical Properties
• Color and Appearance: Bright silvery-white with metallic luster.
• Density: Approximately 8.90 g/cm³, making it a heavy and durable metal.
• Melting Point: 1455 °C, resistant to high temperatures.
• Boiling Point: 2913 °C, stable even at extreme heat.
• Hardness: 4.0 on the Mohs scale, classifying it as a medium-hard metal.
• Magnetism: Ferromagnetic at room temperature, meaning it is attracted to magnets.
Atomic and Chemical Properties
• Atomic Number: 28
• Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
• Ionization Energy: 737.1 kJ/mol
• Common Oxidation States: +2 and +3
• Chemical Reactivity: Resistant to air contact, which provides its corrosion resistance; however, it can oxidize at high temperatures.
Electrical and Thermal Conductivity
Nickel is a good conductor of electricity and heat. Therefore, it is widely used in the electrical industry. Its heat-resistant structure also makes it preferred for motor and machinery parts.
Crystal Structure
Nickel has a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. This structure gives the metal both flexibility and strength.
The Metallurgical Importance of Nickel
Nickel is commonly used in alloys to increase durability and corrosion resistance. In stainless steels, the 8–12% nickel content protects the metal from rust and improves its machinability.
Nickel is an element with various isotopes containing different numbers of neutrons. These isotopes are studied and used for various purposes both in nature and laboratories.
Natural Nickel Isotopes
The naturally occurring nickel isotopes are:
• Ni-58: The most abundant isotope, about 68% of natural nickel.
• Ni-60: The second most common, around 26%.
• Ni-61, Ni-62, Ni-64: Other less common natural isotopes.
The mixture of these isotopes determines nickel’s atomic mass and physical properties.
Radioactive Isotopes and Applications
Some radioactive nickel isotopes (e.g., Ni-59) are used in scientific research. Ni-59 has a very long half-life and is valuable in environmental monitoring and geological dating.
Nickel in Nuclear Technology
Nickel is used as a structural material in some nuclear reactors because of its resistance to high temperatures and radiation. Additionally, isotope analysis can provide information about material quality and lifespan.
Importance of Isotopes in Industry
Different physical properties of nickel isotopes are especially considered in the design and production of alloys. Small variations in isotope ratios can affect the mechanical and chemical behavior of the material.
Nickel Compounds and Chemical Behavior
Nickel is found and used in various compounds both in nature and industry. These compounds deeply influence the metal’s chemical properties, applications, and production methods.
• Nickel Oxide (NiO):
A greenish powder used in ceramics, catalysts, and battery production. It is also preferred to increase corrosion resistance in nickel surface coatings.
• Nickel Sulfate (NiSO₄):
Commonly used in electroplating processes. It dissolves easily in water and is a fundamental component of nickel plating baths.
• Nickel Chloride (NiCl₂):
Used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis and plating operations.
• Nickel Carbonyl (Ni(CO)₄):
A highly toxic and volatile compound used in nickel purification and chemical processes. It requires strict safety precautions.
Chemical Behavior of Nickel
Nickel is quite stable at room temperature. It does not react with air or water, which gives it corrosion-resistant properties. However, it can oxidize at high temperatures and react with certain acids.
Nickel generally exists in +2 and +3 oxidation states. These valence states define the diversity and chemical characteristics of its compounds.
We now understand how important nickel is in modern industry. However, one of the best ways to truly comprehend this metal is to look at how it was discovered, how it has been used, and the stages it has gone through throughout history. Because the story of nickel also reflects humanity’s relationship with technology over time.
Early Traces: From “Devil’s Copper” to Industrial Hero
The name “nickel” originated in 18th century Germany from the word “kupfernickel,” meaning “devil’s copper.” Miners encountered an ore resembling copper but frustratingly could not extract copper from it. Unknown to them, this ore actually contained nickel.
This curious situation changed in 1751 when Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered that this strange ore contained a new element, which he named nickel. From this point on, nickel was scientifically recognized and defined as an element.
Popularity Through Coinage
In the 19th century, nickel became more widely known after it started to be used in coinage. Nickel alloys resist corrosion better than iron and are more durable than copper. Thus, many countries turned to nickel alloys to produce low-denomination coins.
For example, the U.S. 5-cent coin is still popularly called a “nickel.” This is not only a name but also a testament to the metal’s place in collective memory.
The Industrial Revolution and the Stainless Steel Revolution
With the Industrial Revolution, nickel’s industrial importance grew exponentially. In the early 20th century, breakthroughs in stainless steel production transformed many industries.
In 1913, British metallurgist Harry Brearley succeeded in producing corrosion-resistant steel by alloying chromium and nickel. This advancement made nickel indispensable across many sectors from kitchens to construction, transportation to healthcare.
Nickel Today
Nickel is not just an element of the past; it plays a key role in future technologies. Especially in lithium-ion batteries, renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles, the significance of nickel continues to grow rapidly.
To understand the value of an element, one must look not only at its applications but also at its natural origins.
So, how is nickel formed? How does it reach the Earth's surface?
Let’s explore these questions by looking deep into the planet and even out into space.
Natural Formation Process
Like many heavy elements, nickel is formed during supernova explosions—the cataclysmic deaths of stars. These explosions release immense energy, creating conditions necessary to synthesize heavy metals such as iron and nickel.
So, nickel’s story begins in the cosmos.
However, nickel’s journey to Earth dates back billions of years to the planet’s formation. When Earth was young, heavy elements such as iron and nickel sank toward the core. Today, Earth’s core is largely composed of these two metals.
Therefore, nickel is the second most abundant metal in the Earth’s core. But its presence there does not mean it is easily accessible.
How Does Nickel Reach the Surface?
Nickel reaches the Earth’s crust mainly through geological processes, which are slow and localized. Volcanic activity, magma movements, and tectonic shifts bring nickel-containing ores closer to the surface.
In some cases, meteorites also deliver nickel to Earth. Scientific studies suggest that some nickel deposits formed as a result of meteorite impacts. This shows nickel is both a cosmic and geological element.
In What Forms Does Nickel Occur?
In nature, nickel is rarely found in pure form; it mostly exists as compounds in minerals such as:
• Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)₉S₈: One of the most common nickel sulfide minerals and a primary source for commercial nickel extraction.
• Garnierite (hydrated nickel silicates): Found in laterite deposits, especially in tropical regions.
• Millerite (NiS): Less common but contains high nickel content.
These minerals are processed to produce pure nickel or nickel alloys. However, the economic viability of the ore varies, influencing extraction methods.
Just as important as how nickel forms is where it is found. This valuable element is not evenly distributed around the world.
Which countries have concentrated nickel deposits, and why? Let’s examine:
Countries with the Largest Nickel Reserves
• Indonesia: The world’s largest nickel reserve and producer, rich in laterite deposits. A critical supplier for electric vehicle battery production.
• Philippines: The second largest laterite reserve after Indonesia; most production is exported to China.
• Russia: Rich in sulfide deposits, especially the Norilsk region, home to the world’s largest sulfide nickel mine.
• Australia: Contains both laterite and sulfide deposits, with advanced mining infrastructure.
• Canada: Known for high-quality sulfide deposits concentrated in Ontario and Manitoba.
Nickel in Turkey
Turkey also has nickel resources, notably in:
• Manisa (Gördes), Eskişehir (Mihalıççık), and Bursa (Orhaneli), where significant laterite-type nickel deposits exist.
• Most known reserves are low-grade laterite ores, but advances in processing technologies have increased their economic value.
Nickel's varied and limited surface occurrence makes mining and production complex and specialized.
Ore Extraction
There are two main types of nickel ore: laterite and sulfide. The mining methods differ accordingly:
• Sulfide Ore Mining: Typically done via underground mining. Sulfide deposits are often deep within rock formations. Tunnels are excavated, ore extracted, then crushed.
• Laterite Ore Mining: Usually open-pit mining. Laterite ores, found near the surface in tropical zones, are excavated.
Processing and Concentration
Extracted ores cannot be converted directly into pure metal. The nickel content must be enriched through grinding, magnetic separation, and flotation.
• Flotation is common for sulfide ores, separating nickel-bearing minerals.
• Laterite ores are enriched chemically or thermally (e.g., high-pressure acid leaching or pyrometallurgical processing).
Refining and Purification
Concentrated nickel ore is refined into pure metal by methods such as:
• Pyrometallurgy: High-temperature smelting.
• Hydrometallurgy: Chemical leaching and separation.
• Electrolysis: Widely used; nickel ions are electroplated into metallic nickel.
Challenges and Solutions
Nickel production is energy- and cost-intensive, especially for laterite ores that require high heat and chemicals. Thus:
• Energy-efficient technologies,
• Waste management and environmental impact reduction,
• Innovative recycling methods
are critical for sustainable production.
Case Example: Norilsk Mine
The Norilsk mine in Russia, one of the largest sulfide nickel producers, processes millions of tons of ore annually. The advanced technology and environmental management there set standards for modern mining.
Nickel mining and production demand not only technical expertise but also environmental and economic sensitivity, as it must align with sustainability goals.
Industrial Applications
Nickel compounds are widely used in plating, catalysts, batteries, and chemical industries. For example, nickel sulfate and oxide are preferred in electroplating to create corrosion-resistant surface layers.
• In stainless steel production, nickel oxide coatings improve durability and corrosion resistance.
• Nickel sulfate enhances aesthetic and protective qualities in electrolytic plating.
One of nickel’s most important industrial uses is plating combined with chromium. This plating imparts resistance to corrosion, wear, and high temperatures.
Importance of Nickel Plating
Nickel plating applied to metal surfaces increases durability, adds a shiny finish, and protects against rust. It also improves electrical conductivity, making it valuable for electronic components.
Commonly used in stainless steel production and automotive industries, chromium-nickel plating combines nickel’s flexibility and durability with chromium’s hardness and brightness.
Together they provide:
• Increased corrosion resistance
• Harder, more durable surfaces
• Aesthetic, glossy finishes
Applications
• Kitchenware: Pots, pans, cutlery for rust resistance
• Automotive parts: Exhaust pipes, engine components
• Electronics: Connectors, circuit board components
• Industrial equipment: Pipelines, valves
Plating Process
Chromium-nickel plating is typically done by electrolysis. Surfaces are first plated in a nickel bath, then immersed in a chromium bath, forming complementary layers that provide superior protection.
Nickel is invisible yet plays a crucial role in many aspects of our lives. Its versatility makes it indispensable not only in industry but also daily life and advanced technologies.
Stainless Steel Production
Most stainless steel worldwide contains nickel. Nickel enhances steel’s durability, flexibility, and corrosion resistance. This makes stainless steel preferred in cookware, building constructions, and many other fields.
Electric Vehicles and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Nickel is used in electric vehicle batteries to increase energy density. Nickel-based cathode materials extend battery life and efficiency, thereby increasing driving range and supporting eco-friendly transportation.
Aerospace Industry
Nickel alloys, resistant to high temperatures, are used in jet engines and spacecraft components, ensuring safety and durability in demanding environments.
Electronics and Electrical Industry
Nickel is used in connectors and plating in electronic devices. Its good electrical conductivity makes it ideal for circuit boards and sensitive electronic components.
Coinage
Many countries use nickel-based alloys for coin production, valued for their durability and shine.
Medical and Health Sector
Nickel alloys are used in prosthetics and surgical instruments. Their biocompatibility allows production of implants compatible with the human body.
The widespread use of nickel brings environmental and sustainability questions. In the future, nickel will not only be an economic resource but also one requiring environmental responsibility.
Carbon Footprint and Mining Impacts
Nickel mining and production are energy-intensive. Processing laterite ores can result in high carbon emissions, raising environmental concerns alongside growing demand.
Sustainable Mining Practices
Modern technologies aim to reduce environmental impacts in nickel production, including:
• Energy-efficient manufacturing techniques
• Waste management and recycling programs
• Green mining approaches (e.g., reduced water use, biological methods)
Nickel Recycling
Nickel is almost 100% recyclable, which saves resources and reduces environmental burden. Recycling is common in stainless steel and battery industries.
Economic and Environmental Balance
Sustainable nickel supply in the future will depend not only on mining but also recycling and alternative production technologies. This necessitates integrated energy and environmental policies with the nickel industry.
Sustainability in nickel is critical both for nature conservation and continued technological advancement. Proper approaches and innovative solutions will further increase nickel’s future importance.
Nickel’s strength and durability are especially prominent in the steel sector, particularly in alloy steel production. Among these, carburizing steels are key.
Hasçelik distinguishes itself in the sector with high-quality nickel-alloyed steel solutions.
Hasçelik’s Nickel-Alloyed Steels
Using modern steelmaking technology, Hasçelik produces steels with optimized chemical compositions tailored to customer demands.
Notable steel grades include carburizing steels such as:
• 20NiCrMo2
• 20NiCrMo2-2
These steels are preferred for their high strength, durability, and machinability.
Quality-Focused Production
Thanks to advanced steelmaking technology and a strong quality control team, Hasçelik produces nickel-alloyed steels meeting international standards. Chemical composition precision is rigorously controlled at every production stage.
These special steels are used to manufacture critical parts in automotive, machinery, energy, and construction sectors. They excel in applications requiring high heat and wear resistance.
Hasçelik continues to provide the most suitable and durable steel products tailored to all customers’ specifications and needs.
